Hyphenating prefixes
The following common prefixes are not joined by hyphens except when they precede a proper noun, a capitalized word, or an abbreviation.
| ante | anti | bi | co |
| contra | counter | de | extra |
| infra | inter | intra | micro |
| mid | non | over | pre |
| post | pro | pseudo | re |
| semi | sub | super | supra |
| trans | tri | ultra | un |
| under |
antimicrobial
overproduction
nonresident
posttraumatic
nonnegotiable
deidentify
coworker
Retain the hyphen if needed to avoid ambiguity or awkward spelling that could interfere with readability.
co-opt
co-payment
co-twin
intra-aortic
NOTE: This seems to be ambiguous but this is as per the AMA Style Guide; unable to independently clarify.
Retain the hyphen after a prefix when the unhyphenated word would have a different meaning.
re-creation v. recreation
re-treat v. retreat
un-ionized v. unionized
Retain the hyphen when the term after the prefixes anti, neo, pre, post and mid is a proper noun or a number.
mid-1900s
mid-Atlantic
anti-American
Hyphenate compounds formed with the prefixes all-, self- and ex- whether they precede or follow the noun.
self-reported blood pressures
the patient's ex-wife
With the prefix vice-, follow the latest edition of a reputable dictionary.
vice-chancellor
vice-consulvice president
vice admiral
Hyphenating the prefix cross-
Most adjectival instances including the prefix cross- are hyphenated. See exceptions below and if unsure, refer to the most current edition of a reliable dictionary.
cross-contamination
cross-discipline training
cross-reference source
EXCEPTIONS: Some exceptions include: crossbred, crosshatch, crossover, cross section.
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